Design characteristics of integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance at the human, animal, and environment interfaces

A study examining 96 articles from 36 countries from 2000 to 2022 found that 49% of these studies integrated AMR analysis from human and animal populations, while 25% considered human, animal, and environmental samples. The most common surveillance designs were human isolate-based and animal isolate-based. The study found a lower correlation between human and animal AMR prevalence compared to Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp., suggesting a need for a global protocol to support the design of integrated surveillance programs.